African American / Black Studies / American Academy of Religion / Black History Month / Book Excerpt / Religion
Lanaw Benson: An Unusual Manumission Story Sara Cedar Miller
In James Riker’s definitive history of colonial Harlem, Lanaw Benson makes her only appearance in a footnote. In discussing a four-acre property that included a sliver of the future Central Park, Riker noted that “[David] Waldron sold it, June 6, 1793, to Lanaw Benson (colored woman).”[1] Yet research reveals that Lanaw holds an important, possibly unique, place in Central Park and New York City history.
The description combining “Benson” and “colored” caught my attention. Samson Benson, grandson of a Danish-born immigrant, acquired his father’s Harlem property in 1701, and by his death in 1740 he owned so much uptown property that Riker considered the Benson name a “synonym” for Harlem.[2] Four of Benson’s nine children—Adolph, Benjamin, Catherine, and Catalina—would own land in the prepark. The Bensons also enslaved many people. Records indicate that Samson moved from Albany to Harlem “with a negro and a plow,” and the number of people enslaved by the Bensons grew from there.[3] That Lanaw was a “colored” person with the Benson surname could only mean, I surmised, that she was enslaved by a family member.
By an extraordinary stroke of luck during a visit to the Boscobel archives in Garrison, New York, I unfastened two faded papers held onto a notebook divider by a rusty paperclip. One document turned out to be an old Xerox copy of Adolph Benson’s first and unrecorded will written in 1754, forty-eight years before his death, not the final and recorded will of 1803. In this first will, Adolph “assigns” to his widowed sister-in-law, Tanneke Benson, “one Negroe Wench Named Len and her Child.” The second paper was a copy of Tanneke’s last will and testament, written nineteen years later, in which she bequeathed “my Negro Woman Lane and Children” to her sister-in-law Elizabeth Waldron. “But,” Tanneke stipulated, “in case my Negro Woman Lane chuses [sic] not to stay with her then I give her liberty to sell her or to buy herself free if they can so agree for a reasonable Sum.”[4] Given all the other appropriate factors and the likelihood that both wills anglicized or shortened what must be an African name, it seems almost certain that Lanaw, Len, and Lane were the same person and that she and her children were formerly enslaved first by Adolph Benson, then Tanneke Benson, and lastly by Elizabeth Waldron. Lanaw was probably next bequeathed to Elizabeth’s daughter Cornelia Waldron, who married her cousin David Waldron, the grantor of the land to Lanaw in 1793.
The triangular four-acre property that David Waldron sold Lanaw Benson for £18 ran along the Harlem Creek, whose western shoreline touched lightly on what is now the northeast corner of Central Park between 109th and 110th Streets, Duke Ellington Circle, and the land northeast to 113th Street and Madison Avenue. In 1799, Lanaw sold 3.25 acres of it—including the Central Park sliver—to Scottish grocer John Rankin for £221, over eleven times the price she paid to David Waldron. Benson kept the three-quarter-acre wooded tip of the wedge, lying midway between Fifth and Madison Avenues from 111th to 113th Streets, for herself. This curious sale begs the question: Why would John Rankin have spent so much money on such a tiny, remote, and unimproved plot of land?
The illustration of the divided property appeared in the 1799 conveyance in which Lanaw Benson sold most of her property to John Rankin. She transferred the house onto the three-quarter-acre tip that she kept for herself. A portion of the land became the future Central Park: where the bridge over the Creek at 109th Street on the east side of Fifth Avenue (lower left) continued one block to 110th Street.
The answer lies in a punitive New York State law from 1712 that mandated a stiff £220 payment to the state in order to manumit, or set free, an enslaved person, and an additional £20 annuity to support the freed person so he or she would not be a financial burden on the government. This exorbitant penalty stood between bondage and freedom for most enslaved people.[5] But not for Lanaw Benson.
No record has come to light of a relationship between David Waldron and John Rankin, but I propose a possible explanation for both the conveyance and the manumission. Let’s assume that David Waldron sold Lanaw her land for £18 to ensure her financial security, but could not or would not pay the required £200 to manumit her. In his book Somewhat More Independent, historian Shane White revealed new initiatives taken by enslaved people in New York to attain their freedom. If, for example, an enslaved person could not buy his or her freedom from their enslaver, they often sought out a third party to do so in exchange for years of indentured servitude.[6] Instead of this more usual arrangement, Lanaw Benson sold John Rankin the greater portion of her property as an investment, while keeping three-quarters of an acre and a house to assure her financial independence in lieu of the requisite annuity. Further explanation may never come to light, but one thing is both certain and remarkable. Not only was Lanaw Benson the first Black person to own property in the prepark, but the land that she sold to John Rankin remains the only known place in the future park—possibly in all of New York City—that was purchased in order to free an enslaved person.
Addition research revealed information on Lanaw Benson’s family and property, described in detail in Before Central Park.
Sara Cedar Miller is the historian emerita of the Central Park Conservancy, which she first joined as a photographer in 1984. She is the author of Before Central Park, available spring 2022.
